PKLP0/Wd7taNAS1II/AAAAAAACHNM/xEqd5iiopvwv3sXqz87s8f1YAPeqAjCnACLcBGAs/s1600/Wee1903.jpg' alt='Anglo Chinese Manual Of The Amoy Dialect Examples' title='Anglo Chinese Manual Of The Amoy Dialect Examples' />A transcription into Chinese characters sometimes reflects the meaning as well as the sound of the transcribed word. For example, Belarus lit. English language English language, a West Germanic language of the IndoEuropean language family that has become the worlds lingua franca. Retrouvez toutes les discothque Marseille et se retrouver dans les plus grandes soires en discothque Marseille. Name. In older works, the variety is called Foochow dialect, based on the Chinese postal romanization of Fuzhou. In Chinese, it is sometimes called Hk. Fuzhou_language_map.jpg' alt='Anglo Chinese Manual Of The Amoy Dialect Examples' title='Anglo Chinese Manual Of The Amoy Dialect Examples' />Transcription into Chinese characters Wikipedia. Transcription into Chinese is the use of traditional or simplifiedcharacters to transcribephonetically the sound of terms and names foreign to the Chinese language. Transcription is distinct from translation into Chinese whereby the meaning of a foreign word is communicated in Chinese. Since, in both mainland China and Taiwan, Hanyu Pinyin is now used to transcribe Chinese into a modified Latin alphabet and since English classes are now standard in most secondary schools, it is increasingly common to see foreign names and terms left in their original form in Chinese texts. However, for mass media and marketing within China and for non European languages, particularly those of the Chinese minorities, transcription into characters remains very common. Despite the importance of Cantonese and other southern coastal varieties of Chinese to foreign contact during the 1. Cantonese loanwords in English, the northern capital dialect has been formally sanctioned within the country for centuries. This status continued under the Republic, which retained the importance of the National Language , Guy despite moving its capital to Nanking, Chungking, and Taipei, none of which natively spoke it. Similarly, Standard Chinese , Ptnghu has been mandatory for most media and education throughout the Peoples Republic of China since 1. Except for a handful of traditional exceptions, modern transcription therefore uses the standardized Mandarin pronunciations exclusively. Official standardseditModern Han Chinese consists of about 4. Han words have multiple possible transcriptions. This is particularly true since Chinese is written as monosyllabic logograms, and consonant clusters foreign to Chinese must be broken into their constituent sounds or omitted, despite being thought of as a single unit in their original language. Since there are so many characters to choose from when transcribing a word, a translator can manipulate the transcription to add additional meaning. In the Peoples Republic of China, the process has been standardized by the Proper Names and Translation Service of the Xinhua News Agency. Xinhua publishes an official reference guide, the Names of the Worlds Peoples a Comprehensive Dictionary of Names in Roman Chinese, Shji Rnmng Fny D Cdin, which controls most transcription for official media and publication in mainland China. As the name implies, the work consists of a dictionary of common names. It also includes transcription tables for names and terms which are not included. The English table is reproduced below those for a number of other languages are available at the Chinese Wikipedia. The Basic Laws of the Hong Kong and Macau. Special Administrative Regions provide that Chinese will be the official languages of those territories, in addition to English and Portuguese, respectively, leaving ambiguous the relative preference for Mandarin and Cantonese. In practice, transcriptions based on both Cantonese and Mandarin pronunciations have been used. In Singapore, transcription standards are established by the Translation Standardisation Committee for the Chinese Media. Increasingly, other countries are setting their own official standards for Chinese transcription and do not necessarily follow Xinhuas versions, just as Xinhuas version differs from WadeGiles and other international standards. For example, the United States embassy in China recommends rendering Obama as ubm, while Xinhua uses obm. HistoryeditTranscription of foreign terms may date to the earliest surviving written records in China, the Shangoracle bones. As the Huaxia spread from their initial settlements near the confluence of the Wei and Yellowrivers, they were surrounded on all sides by other peoples. The Chinese characters developed to describe them may have originally transcribed local names, such as the proposed connection between the original Eastern Yi people and an Austroasiatic word for sea. However, the tendency within China was to fit new groups into the existing structure, so that, for example, Yi eventually became a word for any barbarian and the name Yue, originally applied to a people northwest of the Shang,6 was later applied to a people south of the Yangtze and then to many cultures as far south as Vietnam. Interaction with the states of Chu, Wu, and Yue during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of the later Zhou brings the first certain evidence of transcription most famously, the word jing, originally krong,7 derives from the Austroasiatic word for river. Besides proper names, a small number of loanwords also found their way into Chinese during the Han Dynasty after Zhang Qians exploration of the Western Regions. The Western Han also saw Liu Xiangs transcription and translation of the Song of the Yue Boatman in his Garden of Stories. Download Series Rmvb Legendado Gratis. Some scholars have tried to use it to reconstruct an original version of the otherwise unrecorded language of the Yangtzes Yue people before their incorporation into the Han. The expansion of Buddhism within China during the later Han and Three Kingdoms period required the transcription of a great many Sanskrit and Pali terms. According to the Song era scholar Zhou Dunyi,1. Xuanzang of Journey to the West fame handed down guidelines of Five Kinds of Words Not to Translate t , s . He directed that transcription should be used instead of translation when the words are Arcane, such as incantations. Polysemous. Not found in China. Traditionally transcribed, not translated. Lofty and subtle, which a translation might devalue or obscure. These ancient transcription into Chinese characters provide clues to the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. In historical Chinese phonology, this information is called duiyin t , s , lit. Western Sinology, Baron Alexander von Stal Holstein was the first to emphasize its importance in reconstructing the sounds of Middle Chinese. The transcriptions made during the Tang Dynasty are particularly valuable, as the then popular Tantra sect required its mantras to be rendered very carefully into Chinese characters, since they were thought to lose their efficacy if their exact sounds were not properly uttered. The History of Liao contains a list of Khitan words phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters. The History of Jin contains a list of Jurchen words phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters. In the History of Yuan, Mongol names were phonetically transcribed in Chinese characters. In the Ming dynasty, the Chinese governments Bureau of Translators, Siyi Guan and the Bureau of Interpreters, Huitong Guan published bilingual dictionariesvocabularies of foreign languages like the Bureau of Translators multilingual dictionary, Hua Yi yiyu, Sino Barbarian Dictionary, using Chinese characters to phonetically transcribe the words of the foreign languages such as Jurchen, Korean, Japanese, Ryukyuan, Mongolian, Old Uyghur, Vietnamese, Cham, Dai, Thai, Burmese, Khmer. Persian, Tibetan, Malay, Javanese, Acehnese, and Sanskrit. During the Qing dynasty some bilingual Chinese Manchu dictionaries had the Manchu words phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters.